Overview Measurement Types
The following overview shows a summary of the test types and outcome parameters of the measurement types supported by Leonardo Mechanography. The Leonardo Mechanography Research edition (RES) includes all measurement types of the Standard Edition 8STD).
Standard Edition (STD)
The following measurement types are supported by Leonardo Mechanography STD:
- s2LJ: single 2 Leg Jump: Jump for maximum height (counter movement jump)
Type: Performance (power test).
Field of application: Basic performance (power) test.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, jumping height, counter movement, mass, L/R differences (force, power), Esslinger Fitness Index (E.F.I.), efficiency of movement.
Variations:
s2LJ (single two-legged jump): free jump for maximum jumping height without any restriction (any counter movement and free arm movement allowed). Goal: intuitive and therefore highly reproducible movement pattern.
CMJ (Counter Movement Jump): similar to s2LJ without arm movement (hands rest on the hip during the complete movement)
CMJ.1L L/R (Counter Movement Jump One Legged Left/Right): similar to CMJ, but the actual counter movement and jump is performed on one leg only, also without arm movement (hands rest on the hip during the complete movement). Start and end position similar to s2LJ standing upright on both legs, after the start of the measurement the counter movement and the jump is performed on one leg only.
SJ.90 (Squat Jump 90°): Squat-Jump with a start position at 90° knee angle, fore-foot and heel with ground contact, also without arm movement (hands rest on the hip during the complete movement). Start and end position similar to s2LJ standing upright on both legs, after the start the person moved to a squatting position with 90° knee angel, waits for 2 seconds and then performs a jump for maximum height from this position.
- m1LH: multiple 1 Leg Hopping
(also known as multiple one leg jump, m1LJ)
Type: Measurement of maximum voluntary force.
Field of application: General test of peak forces, energy storage capacity, flexibility, whole body stiffness.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, stiffness.
- DJ: Drop Jump
Type: test of ground contact time/speed.
Field of application: The drop jump is mainly used in sports.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, ground contact time, L/R differences.
- CRT: Chair Rising Test
- Type: Performance (power test) for
- Field of application: Performance test for weak deconditioned individuals, especially if they are not able to perform a s2LJ. Well established in the field of geriatrics (close relation to fall risk for the following two years if duration for 5 repetitions is longer then 10 seconds). Limitation for fit individuals: ceiling effect -> laws of physics limit the minimum time per test to one second; alternative test: s2LJ.
- Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, total duration, time per iteration, geriatric reference data.
- BT: Balance Test / Stabilometry
Type: Balance & coordination test, Posturography/Stabilometry.
Field of application: Well established in geriatrics and rehabilitation as well as in sports medicine as a basic coordination test.
Outcome parameters: Stabilometry / Variation of CoF (CoP): Area of 90% standard ellipse (Sway Index), path length, average position, standard deviation in A/P and M/L direction over the complete measurement or separately over 6 sections of the measurement (trend, fatigue), frequency analysis of force and position signal, velocity histogram.
- LoS: Limits of Stability
Type: Balance & coordination test.
Field of application: Well established in geriatrics, pediatrics and rehabilitation as well as in sports medicine as a basic coordination test.
Outcome parameters: Stabilometry / Variation of CoF (CoP): Max. displacement A/P and M/L direction, Area of 90% standard ellipse (Sway Index), average position, max sway angle, Equilibrium score.
- RT: Repetition Test: uniformity of repeated, cyclic movements
Type: Coordination test (uniformity of repeated, cyclic movements).
Field of application: Basic coordination, flexibility, geriatrics.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, mass, average duration and standard deviation.
- GrF: Grip Force (Only in combination with Grip Force option)
Type: Grip Force.
Motion: maximum grip force
Outcome parameters: maximum grip force in N and kg.
- GrW: Grip Work (Endurance) (Only in combination with Grip Force option)
Type: Grip Work.
Field of application: Geriatrics, Sarcopenia, Dynapenia.
Outcome parameters: maximum grip force in N and kg, Time to Exhaustion.
- SC: Stair Climb (up/down)
(4 or 5 steps depending on used Leonardo Mechanograph Stair)
Type: Performance/power
Field of application: General.
Outcome parameters: Power, force, acceleration, velocity, height difference, duration per step.
Research/Pro Edition (RES/PRO)
In addition to the measurement types above the following are supported by Leonardo Mechanography RES:
- HRT: Heel Rise Test
Type: Performance (power) test (real power almost without energy storage).
Field of application: Basic performance (power) analysis.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, counter movement, jumping height, L/R differences.
- LT: Land Test
Type: Coordination, fitness test.
Field of application: Basic performance test, coordination test, also suitable for geriatrics.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, mass, falling height, L/R differences.
- TRT: Trunk Rise Test
Type: Fitness test, performance (power) test, test for capability of back pain patient/athletes.
Field of application:
Version 1 and 2: basic performance (power) test of the muscles of the back (e.g. in geriatrics)
Version 3: Assessment of daily ability of back pain patient/athletes.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, duration, L/R differences, uniformity of movement, CoG height variation.
- TpTs/TpTc: Tapping Tests (standing, chair)
Type: Coordination, quickness.
Field of application: Fitness, Sport.
Outcome parameters: Frequency, contact time, force, reproducibility, side- differences.
- TpT1L: Tapping Test One Leg
Type: Coordination, quickness.
Field of application: Fitness, Sport, Neurology.
Outcome parameters: Frequency, contact time, force, reproducibility.
- RJ: Repetition Jump
Type: Fatiguing test
Field of application: Sports, fundamental research
Outcome parameters: Decrease of force, velocity, power, jumping height, counter movement extent, air time over time
- ContJ: Continuous Jumping
Type: Fatiguing test
Field of application: Sports, fundamental research
Outcome parameters: Decrease of force, velocity, power, jumping height, counter movement extent, air time over time
- PUT: Push-Up Test 10
Type: performance/power, fatiguing of upper body / arms
Field of application: Sport, Fitness.
Outcome parameters: Power, force, acceleration, velocity, height differences.
- ST: Squat Test
Type: Performance/power, endurance
Field of application: Fitness, Sport, General.
Outcome parameters: Power, force, acceleration, velocity, height differences, trend function to visualize changes of analysis parameters in between repetitions.
- LST: Loaded Squat Test (squats using additional weights)
Type: performance/power, fatiguing
Field of application: Sport, Fitness.
Outcome parameters: Power, force, acceleration, velocity, height differences, trend function to visualize changes of analysis parameters depending on extra load.
- BJT: Box Jump Test
Type: Performance (power test).
Field of application: Basic performance (power) test.
Outcome parameters: Force, acceleration, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, jumping height, counter movement, mass, L/R differences (force, power), Esslinger Fitness Index (E.F.I.), efficiency of movement.
- IF: Isometric Force Test: Peak force in static positions
Type: Isometric force against fixed resistance (e.g. belt or fixation)
Field of application: Sport, Fitness.
Outcome parameters: Peak force, relative peak force in relation to body mass.
- GW: Gangway
Type: Gate analysis on Leonardo Mechanography GW
Field of application: Geriatrics, Sports, Pediatrics
Outcome parameters: Peak forces L/R, Peak power L/R, step length, L/R differences, path length, relative path length, cadence, velocity, sway
Assessments
- Basic Assessment (BAss)
In order to simplify data summary the Standard Assessment automatically generates a summary of all main outcome parameters of the standard measurement types per person and measurement day. It automatically selects the most relevant measurement of repeated measurements and includes all measurement results of s2LJ, m1LH and CRT per patient/athlete and day.
Type: Fitness assessment.
Outcome parameters: Esslinger Fitness Index (E.F.I.), efficiency of movement, asymmetry of movement, maximum voluntary force of left and right leg separately, CRT analysis.
- Fress Assessment (FAss)
only available in RES and PRO version.
Configurable summary of any analysis parameter of all measurements included in existing Bass. Multiple subtypes of this assessment including different sets of analysis parameters can be configured.
- Jump Assessment (Jass)
only available in RES and PRO version.
Assessment according to Swiss Olympic Performance Diagnostic Manual [Stzeockli16]:
Typ: Sports Assessment.
Measurement Types of the Standard Edition
Leonardo Mechanography Standard Edition supports the following three measurement types:
- Single Two Leg Jump (s2LJ): jump once using both legs
- Multiple One Leg Hopping (m1LH): jump several times only on one leg
Chair Rising Test (CRT): rising and sitting down on a chair (accessory for Leonardo GRFP) for one of more tim.